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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm
Sarcasm[A] is stating the opposite of an intended meaning especially in order to sneeringly, slyly, jest or mock a person, situation or thing. It is strongly associated with irony, with some definitions classifying it as a type of verbal irony intended to insult or wound. Sarcasm can also be used in a humorous or jesting way depending on the intent of the person speaking.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Usage of sarcasm
* 2 Highlighting sarcasm in written form
* 3 Tactics
o 3.1 Exaggeration
o 3.2 Inversion of meaning or truth
o 3.3 Reductio ad absurdum
o 3.4 The obvious alternative
* 4 Notes
* 5 Citations
* 6 External links
[edit] Usage of sarcasm
It is used mostly in a humorous manner, but can express annoyance or anger.[8] It is often used as an alternative to other forms of expression. For example, instead of blowing up and yelling at somebody else in a conflict a person might choose to use sarcasm instead.
Sarcasm can be used in many different circumstances, from ordinary conversation to the debate floor. Sarcasm is often used to tear down others' arguments.
[edit] Highlighting sarcasm in written form
Sarcasm can be difficult to grasp in written form. To prevent this some people emphasize words with italics, bold, capitalization, and/or underlining (e.g. that’s just great); sarcastic comments on the Internet with an emoticon, such as ^o); or surround them with a made-up markup language tag, e.g. *sarcasm*, <sarcasm> or <snicker>.
Writers in the UK and some other countries have adopted the use of (!) (An exclamation mark in parentheses) following speech in which sarcasm or irony is perceptible via the tone of voice, a punctuation mark which is very regularly seen in subtitles.
Some popular Emoticons for Sarcasm are ^°^ , -.- , ;p , ~~ , or the :ulli:-Smiley.
[edit] Tactics
[edit] Exaggeration
"Shut up, will you?" "Oh, I'm sorry, Your Highness, should I go get you your coffee and tea now?"
In this case it is implied that the first person was treating the second like a servant. Instead of directly pointing this out, however, the second person plays the part, so to speak, in the situation created by the first person.
"If you're going to be like that, I can play that part too."
[edit] Inversion of meaning or truth
"Did it just rain?" "No, the ground is completely dry."
The ground is obviously not dry, so what the second person said implied that the first was asking a stupid question with an obvious answer. This is one of the most common forms of sarcasm, the most common occurrence of which being "Oh, great". The implication is that what the second person said was the premise of the first person's question.
"What do you think?!"
[edit] Reductio ad absurdum
"No, you don't NEED it, and that's final!" "We don't actually NEED anything except for food, air and water, so why don't we all go live in caves and spear large animals for food every day?"
The first person's argument was that the second person should not get something he/she didn't actually need. The second person carried this argument to its logical but absurd conclusion and presented it as a serious suggestion, implying that this is what the first person is trying to suggest.
"Your argument has far-reaching consequences and implications which you have not considered."
[edit] The obvious alternative
"Shut up!" "I wasn't saying anything!" "Yeah, I was hallucinating."
The first person felt that the second person had been talking, while the second person disagreed. Taken to its logical conclusion, this would mean that the first person was wrong - yet the first person did experience the second person talking, so the obvious way out is that he was hallucinating.
"That's what you're trying to say?"
[edit] Notes
A^ "Sarcasm" appeared in English in 1579, from Late Latin "sarcasmos," in turn from Hellenistic or Medieval Greek "sarkasmos," and ancient Greek σαρκάζω (sarkazo, meaning 'to tear flesh'). (In ancient Greek the word for this idea was instead χλευασμός). Irony clearly encompasses the concept of sarcasm, although Socrates, considered the father of dissembling irony, was not sarcastic. Sarcasm is frequently referred to as the "lowest form of wit" (a quote from Oscar Wilde, who was of course being sarcastic himself).
[edit] Citations
1. ^ Literary Terms
2. ^ Jack London Glossary
3. ^ terms
4. ^ SAT: Improve SAT Score with SparkNotes: Slaying the Fire-Breathing Jargon
5. ^ Glossary of Useful Terms
6. ^ Book Report \ Sherbrooke (Qc) Canada \ Glossary 3
7. ^ sarcasm: Definition, Synonyms and Much More from Answers.com
8. ^ Loughborough University - Counselling Service
[edit] External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Sarcasm
Look up Sarcasm in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
* Sarcasm Society - Sarcasm Tutorial
* BBC News Magazine - The rules of sarcasm
* Sydney Morning Herald - Sarcasm is the lowest form of wit
* APA - The Neuroanatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its Relationship to Social Cognition
* A discussion of the use of sarcasm in Jesus' preaching
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Categories: Humor | Figures of speech | Rhetoric | Irony